Kidney and urological disorders

Urinary tract infection (overview)

Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to microbial infection affecting any part of the urinary tract, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, kidneys, and surrounding structures. UTIs are among the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice and may affect individuals of all ages.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN)

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), also referred to as contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), is an acute deterioration in renal function that occurs following exposure to iodinated contrast media used during diagnostic and interventional procedures.

Reflux nephropathy

Reflux nephropathy is a form of chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease caused by renal scarring associated with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), particularly when reflux occurs during infancy and early childhood. It develops as a result of the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys, leading to recurrent urinary tract infections and progressive renal parenchymal damage.

Thrombotic microangiopathy

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathological condition characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, and injury to multiple organs due to small-vessel thrombus formation.