ENT contitions

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is HPV-related benign growth in the larynx, recurring more in children, causing hoarseness and progressive stridor. Perform tracheostomy first if in distress, then refer for repeated microsurgical debridement, avoiding long-term tracheostomy.

Sinonasal malignancy is a rare group of cancers arising from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Most are malignant epithelial tumours, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common histological type. Because the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses provide a large potential space for tumour growth, these malignancies often remain asymptomatic until they reach an advanced stage.

Acute rhinitis is viral inflammation of the nasal lining, usually part of an upper respiratory infection. Treat with rest, warm drinks and ephedrine nasal drops (1% adults, 0.5% children) for no more than 5 days.

Hypopharyngeal malignancy is a malignant tumour arising from the hypopharynx, which includes the pyriform sinuses, posterior pharyngeal wall, and postcricoid region. The vast majority of hypopharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas originating from the mucosal lining of the hypopharynx.

Turbinate hypertrophy is enlargement of the inferior or middle turbinates, usually from allergic rhinitis, causing nasal obstruction and snoring. Treat as allergic rhinitis with nasal steroids and antihistamines, and refer for turbinoplasty if it persists.