ENT contitions

Sinonasal malignancy is a rare group of cancers arising from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Most are malignant epithelial tumours, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common histological type. Because the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses provide a large potential space for tumour growth, these malignancies often remain asymptomatic until they reach an advanced stage.

Cancer of the larynx is the most common malignant tumour of the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) region. The vast majority of laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas arising from the mucosal lining of the larynx. The disease most commonly affects middle-aged and older adults and is strongly associated with tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Parapharyngeal tumours are rare neoplasms arising within the parapharyngeal space, a deep potential space located lateral to the upper pharynx and extending from the skull base to the hyoid bone. Both benign and malignant tumours may develop from the numerous structures contained within this space, including the salivary glands, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and blood vessels.

Salivary gland tumours are a heterogeneous group of benign and malignant neoplasms arising from the major or minor salivary glands. Most salivary gland tumours are composed of more than one cell type and demonstrate a wide range of histological appearances. The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, while minor salivary glands are distributed throughout the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper aerodigestive tract.

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare, benign but highly vascular tumour that occurs almost exclusively in adolescent males. The tumour originates near the sphenopalatine foramen in the posterior nasal cavity and nasopharynx and is characterized by locally aggressive growth despite its benign histological nature.