Malignant disease conditions 

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumour of the liver, arising from hepatocytes. It represents a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in regions with a high prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis infection.

Meningiomas are the second most common primary brain tumors, accounting for approximately 20% of all intracranial tumors. They arise from the arachnoid cap cells of the meninges and are usually slow-growing and benign (WHO Grade 1), although atypical (Grade 2) and anaplastic (Grade 3) variants occur.

Salivary gland cancers arise from major or minor salivary glands in the head and neck region.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. It comprises a heterogeneous group of epithelial lung malignancies that behave differently from small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in terms of biological characteristics, treatment approaches, and prognosis.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignant lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the presence of Reed–Sternberg cells or mononuclear Hodgkin cells within an inflammatory cellular background in lymph node tissue.