Malignant disease conditions 

Meningiomas are the second most common primary brain tumors, accounting for approximately 20% of all intracranial tumors. They arise from the arachnoid cap cells of the meninges and are usually slow-growing and benign (WHO Grade 1), although atypical (Grade 2) and anaplastic (Grade 3) variants occur.

Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells within the bone marrow, leading to the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein) or free light chains. The disease causes end-organ damage through bone destruction, bone marrow failure, renal impairment, hypercalcaemia, and immunodeficiency.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of mature but functionally abnormal B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells due to the presence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, resulting from the Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22)(q34;q11)).

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder of hematopoietic progenitor cells characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of immature lymphoid precursor cells (lymphoblasts) in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and extramedullary tissues.