Malignant disease conditions 

Spinal cord compression is an oncological emergency caused by compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina, most commonly from metastatic malignancy. It threatens mobility, neurological function, independence, and survival.

Hypercalcaemia is defined as an elevated serum calcium concentration above the normal range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L. It is a common metabolic emergency in oncology, occurring in approximately 10–20% of patients with advanced cancers.

uperior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a clinical syndrome resulting from partial or complete obstruction of blood flow through the superior vena cava (SVC). Approximately 90% of cases are caused by malignancy, making SVCS an important oncological emergency.Epidemiology

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignant lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the presence of Reed–Sternberg cells or mononuclear Hodgkin cells within an inflammatory cellular background in lymph node tissue.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) comprises a heterogeneous group of malignant lymphoid neoplasms arising from B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, or natural killer (NK) cells. NHLs are characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid cells within lymph nodes, extranodal tissues, bone marrow, or other organs.