Malignant disease conditions 

Nasopharyngeal cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx, the upper part of the pharynx located behind the nasal cavity. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the predominant histological tumor type affecting this region.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a malignant tumour arising from angio-formative cells, characterized by abnormal proliferation of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. It commonly originates in the skin but may involve multiple internal organs.

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive malignant tumor arising from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin. It is characterized by a high potential for local invasion and early metastasis compared with other skin cancers. Early diagnosis and complete surgical excision provide the best chance of cure, while advanced disease may require systemic therapy and palliative treatment.

Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common malignant tumors of the skin and primarily include basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequently occurring type and is generally slow-growing with a low metastatic potential.

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial tissues of the breast and is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Although the exact etiology remains unknown, several genetic, hormonal, reproductive, and environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease.