Malignant disease conditions 

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening oncological emergency resulting from rapid destruction of malignant cells, leading to the release of intracellular potassium, phosphate, and nucleic acids into the circulation. The subsequent metabolic abnormalities include hyperuricaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hypocalcaemia, and acute kidney injury.

Oral cavity consists of the upper and lower lips, gingivobuccal sulcus, buccal mucosa, upper and lower gingiva, retromolar trigone, hard palate, floor of mouth, and anterior two–third of the tongue.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy of the lung that accounts for approximately 10–15% of all lung cancers. It is strongly associated with cigarette smoking and is characterized by rapid tumour growth, early dissemination, and a high propensity for widespread metastasis at the time of diagnosis.

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive primary malignant brain tumors that include Anaplastic Astrocytoma (WHO Grade 3) and Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade 4). These tumors are characterized by rapid growth, diffuse infiltration of surrounding brain tissue, and poor prognosis despite multimodal treatment.

Spinal cord compression is an oncological emergency caused by compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina, most commonly from metastatic malignancy. It threatens mobility, neurological function, independence, and survival.