Kidney and urological disorders

Nephritic Syndrome

Nephritic syndrome is a clinical manifestation of inflammatory injury affecting the renal glomeruli, characterized by haematuria, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hypertension, and oedema. It results from inflammation of the glomerular structures, causing disruption of the filtration barrier and impaired kidney function.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), previously known as acute kidney disease in some clinical contexts, is characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function resulting in reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), accumulation of nitrogenous waste products, and disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance.

Haemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection

Haemodialysis (HD) catheter-related bloodstream infection is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication among patients receiving haemodialysis. It occurs when microorganisms colonize the dialysis catheter and gain access to the bloodstream, leading to local catheter infection, bacteraemia, sepsis, and possible metastatic infections.

Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD–MBD)

Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD–MBD) is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism that develops as kidney function progressively declines. It is characterized by abnormalities in calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D metabolism, resulting in bone disease, extraskeletal calcification, and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.