Kidney and urological disorders

Chronic Kidney Disease–Associated Anaemia

Anaemia is a common complication of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and becomes increasingly prevalent as kidney function declines. It primarily results from reduced production of erythropoietin by the diseased kidneys but may also be aggravated by iron deficiency, chronic inflammation, blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, shortened red blood cell survival, and dialysis-related losses.

Hyperkalaemia

Hyperkalaemia is an electrolyte disorder characterized by a serum potassium concentration of ≥5.5 mmol/L. It is a potentially life-threatening medical emergency because elevated potassium levels impair cardiac electrical conduction and may result in fatal cardiac arrhythmias.

Chronic Kidney Disease–Associated Metabolic Acidosis

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Dialysis

Dialysis is a life-sustaining kidney replacement therapy used in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) when the kidneys are no longer able to adequately remove waste products, excess fluid, and electrolytes or maintain acid-base balance.