Kidney and urological disorders

Thrombotic microangiopathy

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathological condition characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, and injury to multiple organs due to small-vessel thrombus formation.

Hyperkalaemia

Hyperkalaemia is an electrolyte disorder characterized by a serum potassium concentration of ≥5.5 mmol/L. It is a potentially life-threatening medical emergency because elevated potassium levels impair cardiac electrical conduction and may result in fatal cardiac arrhythmias.

Reflux nephropathy

Reflux nephropathy is a form of chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease caused by renal scarring associated with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), particularly when reflux occurs during infancy and early childhood. It develops as a result of the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys, leading to recurrent urinary tract infections and progressive renal parenchymal damage.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys that persist for more than three months, with or without a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CKD is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and premature mortality.