Kidney and urological disorders

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), previously known as acute kidney disease in some clinical contexts, is characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function resulting in reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), accumulation of nitrogenous waste products, and disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance.

Transplant recipient Management

Kidney transplant recipients need induction (basiliximab or rabbit ATG) and lifelong maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus or cyclosporine, mycophenolate and prednisolone, with drug-level monitoring. Follow-up watches for rejection, infection (CMV, BK virus), drug toxicity and cardiovascular risk.

Haemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection

Haemodialysis (HD) catheter-related bloodstream infection is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication among patients receiving haemodialysis. It occurs when microorganisms colonize the dialysis catheter and gain access to the bloodstream, leading to local catheter infection, bacteraemia, sepsis, and possible metastatic infections.

Uncomplicated cystitis in pregnancy

Uncomplicated cystitis in pregnancy is a lower urinary tract infection involving the urinary bladder in a pregnant woman without associated structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract, significant comorbidities, or features suggesting upper urinary tract involvement.