Malignant disease conditions 

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of immature myeloid cells (blasts) in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and other tissues.

Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are primary brain tumors arising from glial cells and are generally classified as World Health Organization (WHO) Grade 2 diffuse gliomas. They are slow-growing tumors that commonly affect young and middle-aged adults.

Hypopharyngeal cancer includes tumors arising from the pyriform sinus, posterior pharyngeal wall, postcricoid region.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a malignant tumour arising from angio-formative cells, characterized by abnormal proliferation of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. It commonly originates in the skin but may involve multiple internal organs.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells due to the presence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, resulting from the Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22)(q34;q11)).