Diabetic patients are 2–4 times likely to develop cardiovascular diseases mainly due to atherosclerosis and hypertension.

It is a serious condition most frequently seen in older persons with T2DM. In NKHS, blood sugar level rise and the body try to get rid of the excess sugar by passing into urine.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis It is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus that may present with a decreased level of consciousness

Diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) and worsens TB treatment outcomes. Chronic hyperglycemia impairs innate and adaptive immune responses, particularly macrophage and T-cell function, facilitating reactivation of latent infection and severe disease progression.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasingly recognized among people living with HIV (PLHIV). The relationship is bidirectional: HIV infection causes chronic inflammation and immune activation, increasing insulin resistance. Antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly protease inhibitors, contributes to metabolic complications. Diabetes worsens cardiovascular risk, renal disease, and infection outcomes in PLHIV.