Insulin therapy is an essential component of diabetes management and remains the only effective treatment for individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It is also indicated in many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when glycaemic targets cannot be achieved with lifestyle modification and oral hypoglycaemic agents alone or when insulin deficiency becomes clinically significant.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and gradual decline in pancreatic β-cell function, resulting in persistent hyperglycaemia. The primary objective of treatment is to achieve and maintain optimal glycaemic control while preventing acute and chronic complications.

Thyroid storm is one of the most life-threatening endocrine emergencies, resulting from exacerbation of manifestations of thyrotoxicosis.

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which an overactive thyroid gland is producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones that circulate in the blood.

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which a person's thyroid hormone production is below normal. Common causes of the disease is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, post surgery and post radio active iodine.