Musculoskeletal disorders 

Tuberculous spondylodiscitis, also known as Pott's disease, is a chronic granulomatous infection of the vertebral column caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the most common form of musculoskeletal tuberculosis and accounts for approximately 50% of skeletal TB cases. The disease usually develops following hematogenous spread from a primary pulmonary or extrapulmonary focus and predominantly involves the thoracic and lumbar spine.

Pyogenic spondylodiscitis is a bacterial infection involving the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral endplates. It is the most common form of spinal infection and represents a potentially serious condition that may lead to vertebral destruction, spinal instability, epidural abscess, neurological deficits, permanent disability, or death if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Infection usually occurs through hematogenous spread but may also result from direct inoculation during spinal procedures or contiguous spread from adjacent tissues.

Cervical degenerative disorders (CDD) are age-related conditions affecting the cervical intervertebral discs, vertebral bodies, facet joints, ligaments, and surrounding soft tissues. Progressive degeneration may lead to cervical spondylosis, cervical radiculopathy, cervical spinal stenosis, and cervical myelopathy. These disorders are among the leading causes of chronic neck pain and upper limb neurological symptoms in adults.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is defined as pain localized between the lower rib margin and the gluteal folds that persists for more than 6 weeks. It may occur with or without leg pain (sciatica) and represents one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. Unlike acute low back pain, chronic pain often involves a combination of structural pathology, persistent inflammation, central pain sensitization, psychological factors, and functional impairment.

Acute low back pain (LBP) is pain or discomfort localized between the lower rib margin and the gluteal folds, with or without radiation to the lower limbs, lasting less than 6 weeks. It is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints worldwide and a leading cause of disability and healthcare utilization. Although numerous pathological conditions can cause low back pain, approximately 85–90% of cases are classified as non-specific low back pain, where no specific structural pathology is identified.