Musculoskeletal disorders 

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of chronic heel pain and is a degenerative disorder of the plantar fascia resulting from repetitive mechanical overload and microtears at its origin on the medial calcaneal tubercle. Although previously considered an inflammatory condition, current evidence indicates that chronic plantar fasciitis is primarily a degenerative fasciopathy characterized by collagen disorganization, fibroblast proliferation, and failed tissue healing with minimal inflammation.

Tuberculous spondylodiscitis, also known as Pott's disease, is a chronic granulomatous infection of the vertebral column caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the most common form of musculoskeletal tuberculosis and accounts for approximately 50% of skeletal TB cases. The disease usually develops following hematogenous spread from a primary pulmonary or extrapulmonary focus and predominantly involves the thoracic and lumbar spine.

Pyogenic spondylodiscitis is a bacterial infection involving the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral endplates. It is the most common form of spinal infection and represents a potentially serious condition that may lead to vertebral destruction, spinal instability, epidural abscess, neurological deficits, permanent disability, or death if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Infection usually occurs through hematogenous spread but may also result from direct inoculation during spinal procedures or contiguous spread from adjacent tissues.

It is a common form of arthritis, characterized by degenerative loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bony sclerosis, and cartilage and bone proliferation subsequent osteophyte formation.

Gonococcal arthritis is a manifestation of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is the most common cause of infectious arthritis among sexually active young adults. The condition develops when N. gonorrhoeae spreads hematogenously from a primary mucosal infection of the urogenital tract, rectum, or pharynx.