Musculoskeletal disorders 

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are one of the most common and serious complications of diabetes mellitus and are a major cause of hospitalization, lower-extremity amputation, disability, and mortality. They result from the interaction of peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease (ischaemia), repetitive trauma, and infection, leading to skin breakdown and impaired wound healing.

Amputation is the surgical removal of part or all of a limb or extremity, such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg. It is performed when the affected limb cannot be salvaged or when limb preservation would pose a greater risk to the patient's life or result in prolonged disability.

Hypocholecalciferolemia, commonly referred to as vitamin D deficiency, is a disorder characterized by inadequate serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], resulting in impaired calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Persistent deficiency leads to defective bone mineralization, causing rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D deficiency also contributes to osteoporosis, muscle weakness, falls, and fragility fractures, particularly among older adults.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass, deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and impaired bone strength, resulting in increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. It is often referred to as a "silent disease" because it usually remains asymptomatic until a fragility fracture occurs.

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of chronic heel pain and is a degenerative disorder of the plantar fascia resulting from repetitive mechanical overload and microtears at its origin on the medial calcaneal tubercle. Although previously considered an inflammatory condition, current evidence indicates that chronic plantar fasciitis is primarily a degenerative fasciopathy characterized by collagen disorganization, fibroblast proliferation, and failed tissue healing with minimal inflammation.