Kidney and urological disorders

Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD–MBD)

Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD–MBD) is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism that develops as kidney function progressively declines. It is characterized by abnormalities in calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D metabolism, resulting in bone disease, extraskeletal calcification, and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Nephritic Syndrome

Nephritic syndrome is a clinical manifestation of inflammatory injury affecting the renal glomeruli, characterized by haematuria, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hypertension, and oedema. It results from inflammation of the glomerular structures, causing disruption of the filtration barrier and impaired kidney function.

Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI)- Management

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a urinary tract infection that occurs in a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter or within 48 hours of catheter removal. It is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections worldwide and accounts for a significant proportion of nosocomial infections.

Transplant Candidate Evaluation

All patients with CKD stages 4–5 should be informed about and assessed for kidney transplantation, ideally 6–12 months before dialysis so pre-emptive transplantation is possible. Evaluation covers cardiac, infection, cancer, immunological and psychosocial readiness, and contraindications.